Kazakhstan 10 - PONARS Eurasia

The 2010 Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan Customs Union: A Classic Case of Prinuzhdenie k Druzhbe (Friendship Enforcement)

The Customs Union (CU) between Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed in November 2009 and enacted on July 1, 2010, was a breakthrough integration project in the post-Soviet space. It happened…

Convergence in Post-Soviet Political Systems?: A Comparative Analysis of Russian, Kazakh, and Ukrainian Parliamentary Elections

Next year will mark twenty years since the first more or less free and fair elections were held in the USSR in March 1989. Since then, numerous elections have been…

The Perennial Partnership: The Global Economic Crisis and Russian-Kazakh Relations

Making up nearly 90 percent of the total area of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Russia and Kazakhstan are also two of the ten largest states in the world.…

Russia’s Counterrevolutionary Offensive in Central Asia

Counterterrorism has never been a convincing Russian strategy for Central Asia. At the start of Vladimir Putin’s presidency, attempts to impress upon the leaders of the five Central Asian states that only…

Disrupting the Balance: Russian Efforts to Control Kazakhstan’s Oil

Kremlin has been reestablishing state ownership over its domestic extraction industries while driving foreign investors out. It has also used monopoly state control over its gas pipelines to exert political…

Central Asia’s Stability and Russia’s Security

In August 2000, as in 1999, Islamic rebels tested the strength of Central Asian government forces. Kyrgyzstan was badly hit again; what is more, Uzbek soldiers struggled to battle the…

Strategies For Energy Development In Central Asia: International Implications

The possession of rich reserves of oil and gas on their respective territories destines the Central Asian states neither for healthy market economies and democratic governance nor for the establishment…

Value Tradeoffs and America’s Caspian Policy: Energy, the Environment, and Sustainable Development

The Caspian Sea embodies one of the crucial tensions of international politics. On one hand, its vast deposits of oil and gas beckon political elites and multinational corporations to compete…

Domestic Politics and Russia’s Caspian Policy

The known volume of Caspian oil and gas reserves is immense, and new discoveries are reported regularly. With deposits of oil alone totaling perhaps 200 billion tons, the Caspian stands…

Russia’s International Integration and Caspian Sea Oil

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's international integration has been complicated by both its economic weakness and its unpredictable foreign policy. In 1996-97, as a result of the…

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Kazakhstan